Leonardo da Vinci and Filippino Lippi Assignment

Leonardo da Vinci and Filippino Lippi - Assignment Example Da Vinci’s works are exceptionally particular. His lines are delicate and perfect, exceptionally definite and life-like. He additionally utilizes cross incubating for concealing. In his work, â€Å"Self Portrait c.1512 red chalk on paper†, his master procedure is additionally appeared. The subject should be Leonardo da Vinci himself. It is a picture of an elderly person, with the face inclined towards the second from last quarter see. The subject isn't confronting the crowd however one can see the articulation in his eyes: grave. Like most Renaissance craftsmen at that point, his hair was long and he was bearded.The materials for this work of art are paper and red chalk. Like other da Vinci fine arts, this outline of a face of an elderly person (expected to act naturally), is anatomically great. The lines and wrinkles, up to the point that he hopes to have lost his front teeth, is depicted amazingly well in the representation. The lines are very fine and light, and the shadowing was finished by cross-incubating, which is exceptionally commonplace of da Vinci. Most researchers accept this was additionally done by a left hand. Lippi was the ill-conceived child of another painter, Fra Filippo Lippi. Under his father’s tutelage, he realized how to paint and outline. Likewise with da Vinci, Lippi was additionally an ace of life systems. Be that as it may, not at all like da Vinci who was progressively logical in nature (as in he imagines, he builds stuff, in addition to other things), Lippi was increasingly contracted and commission to work for chapels as he made frescoes. His style resounded quite a bit of Boticelli’s style. Truth be told, a portion of his past canvases have been marked, â€Å"A companion of Boticelli†.

Resource Management Developing Sustainable Business Organizations

Question: Examine about the Resource Management for Developing Sustainable Business Organizations. Answer: Presentation Universal Human Resource Management (HRM) alludes to the arrangement of human asset exercises that deal with the HR at national and worldwide level. The International HRM alludes to the ordinary HRM capacities, for example, enrollment, choice, preparing and improvement, execution examination and end of workers led at a global level. Alongside it, the universal HRM likewise relates to the exercises, for example, worldwide expertise the executives, preparing and multifaceted issues (Harzing Pinnington, 2014). In worldwide organizations, there are three sort of representatives, home nation workers which allude to the representatives having a place with the nation of origin where the corporate headquarter of the firm is arranged, have nation workers which alludes to the representatives having a place with the country where the auxiliary is arranged and third nation workers which alludes to the workers who are not from the host or the nation of origin yet from some other nation. The Inter national Human Resource Manager coordinates HR Policies and practices in various auxiliaries with the goal that the association can accomplish its objectives (Truss, Mankin Kelliher, 2012). Also, the International Human Resource Manager is dependable to build the adaptability in the associations strategies with the goal that it can suit the social contrasts in various nations (Nkomo, Fottler McAfee, 2010). In the current report, the worker connection issues in universal HRM have been investigated. Toyota is driving vehicle Manufacturer Company. The HR Manager of the association is moved from its auxiliary in Australia to the USA. While moving from Australia to the USA, the director will confront a few issues because of contrasts in economy and work arrangements of the two nations. In the current report, all the human asset issues looked by the association have been talked about. Effect of Presidency Change on Economy and Business in the US Tasks in worldwide condition can be trying for the business associations. The organizations need to adjust the strategies and business activities as per the nearby laws and foundation. The presidential appointment of the United States of America have been the most marvelous occasion of 2017 and the determination of Donald Trump as the enhanced US President will have a few long haul impacts on the nation. The new government has made a few laws, for example, expanding the duty on the merchandise, migration boycott and quitting Trans-Pacific Partnership Trade Deal in the USA (Garcia, 2017). The financial specialists and business associations are content with the presidential guideline because of the low corporate duties, less guideline, lower burdens on the intrigue and profit of the associations. Be that as it may, the presentation of fringe charges at a high rate has made noteworthy difficulties for the human asset the executives of the association. The fringe expense will climb the c osts of the car fundamentally (Lippert, 2017). Trump government has additionally cautioned Toyota for building up vehicle producing office in Mexico. The organizations will not, at this point have the option to make the vehicles in Mexico at less expensive rates and sell them in the USA at more significant expenses. In the USA, the nation has likewise restricted migration which will decrease the measure of accessible work for the association (Roberts Dason, 2017). One of the significant duties of the HR administrator is to guarantee that the association follows by the work laws and guidelines (Condrey, 2010). It is an imperative segment of the HR supervisors obligations. Guaranteeing lawful consistence with the work and the expense laws is significant for the proceeded with presence of the association. With the adjustments in the laws, the new HR supervisor will think that its difficult to actualize laws. The administration continually makes new guidelines with respect to the working long periods of representatives, charge stipends, break times, the lowest pay permitted by law and approaches on segregation (Cohen, 2010). The Trump government has rolled out some extreme improvements in least wages, expenses and segregation arrangements. The methodologies of the administration will require the HR chief to inspect the progressions required in the tasks of the association and execute them. In the ongoing turn of events, Donald Trump has given a danger against Toyota Motor Corp for building another plant in Mexico. The duly elected president cautioned the vehicle maker that it they will do the plans, they will confront huge fringe charge. Donald Trump made the danger as he was worried that the new plant will remove the work of the US residents. On the off chance that the organization would have had the option to re-appropriate work from Mexico, it would have been profited by the relative modest work of the nation. Obligations of International HR Manager The International HR Manager is at risk to adequately deal with the HR in the organizations which are working all around. They require having a profound comprehension of various societies and the capacity to react rapidly. The fundamental elements of the human asset experts are to deal with exercises, for example, enlistment, talking with, recruiting, preparing and advancement of the representatives so the business association accomplishes its objectives (Harzing Pinninton, 2014). The Human Resource Manager is additionally capable to create arrangements with the goal that profitable and safe working environment condition can be made. In worldwide condition, it is basic to spur and urge representatives to work cooperatively ignoring their social contrasts. One of the significant elements of human asset experts is to give preparing to the HR to guarantee a gainful domain is set up in the association (Collings, Wood Caligiuri, 2014). Preparing guarantees that the representatives have th e right stuff and the information to achieve the activity errands. The human asset supervisor makes course of action for the preparation of the workers with the goal that they are better gifted to play out their capacities. Preparing additionally guarantees that the organizations submit to the administration guidelines as it builds the representative information. In the global condition, the profile of human asset experts is turning out to be more generalist (de Juana-Espinosa, 2011). In the present, the association of the human asset experts with the inward activities of the association is decreasing and they are increasingly worried about coordinated effort and profitability of the association in general. Today, the human asset experts are worried about expanding the upper hand, monetary endurance and the productivity of the association. In such manner, the human asset experts play out a few activities, for example, recruiting workers, overseeing advantages and taking care of disc iplinary activities toward the representatives. They are additionally capable to deal with the medicinal services cost, decreasing the representative whittling down and taking an interest in the network (Chalofsky, 2014). They additionally work with directors in a joint effort with the tasks administrator in the enlistment of new faculty. In worldwide settings, the HR chief needs to work in a joint effort with the tasks administrator to enroll proper competitor and later in his exhibition assessment. The global human asset director has another provoking duty to assemble universal groups and bolster their coordinated effort. They need to take suitable measures to guarantee that assorted groups cooperate. The human asset experts receive a few techniques, for example, directing group building workshops, aiding coordinated effort of the socially differing individuals and worker commitment and inspiration strategies to accomplish the vital objectives of the association (Ehnert, Harry Zink, 2013). HR Implications of the Presidency Change in Automobile Industry The monetary capital and wages are likewise huge in the re-appropriating choice of the nation. The redistributing is utilized to spare expenses and increment the monetary advantages to the association. The nations like China and Mexico, whose economy is needy upon the redistributing exercises have created adaptable approaches to urge the remote organizations to contribute. The Human asset branch of the association gets profited by the profoundly gainful workforce, modest work cost and adaptable exchange arrangements (Grisham, 2011). Re-appropriating is likewise helpful for the association as it can upgrade the center skill of the association and result in new monetary development of the organization (TingTing, 2014). With the presentation of the present arrangement, either the firm needs to move its assembling plant in the USA or face high fringe charges. With the improvement of plant in the USA, the business worker relations will get influenced. The business relationship can be characterized as the legitimate connection among boss and the representatives. The business relations are framed when an individual works or offer types of assistance in the work environment consequently of pre-decided compensation. With the business relationship; equal rights and commitments are set up between the business and the representatives. The representative connection is the principle instrument through which laborers can access the rights and advantages related with the business laws and government managed savings of the nation. It decides the nature and the degree of managers rights and commitments towards their laborers. In addition, as the business and the worker work in closeness, they create proficient associations with one another. The administration of the business relationship is significant for an association as it is corresponded with the joy and the profitability of the workers. The business representative relationship is commonly dependent as the business is needy upon the worker to play out his obligations though representative is reliant upon the association to help him monetarily. In Australia, there is national work environment relations s

2019 Freshman Denial - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

2019 Freshman Denial - UGA Undergraduate Admissions 2019 Freshman Denial We plan to make the final wave of freshman decisions available today, March 15th in the late afternoon time frame. Unfortunately, we are not able to admit a number of strong applicants as we are limited in the size of our freshman class. We know that you have a number of other strong college options and suggest you focus on the other great opportunities that are ahead rather than on a denial from UGA. If your ultimate goal is to graduate from the University of Georgia, then we suggest you look at transfer opportunities down the road. For now, focus on your current college options, find one that fits you best, and have a great freshman year there. Please read ourDenied Student FAQif you have questions.If you decide to contact us next week, please understand that we will not be able to give you a specific reason for a denial, as in this process we have looked at everything within an applicants file, and the overall reason is really that the overall applicant pool is very large and very strong. Things to Remember: UGA does not use the GPA from a HS transcript, but instead we calculate our own HS GPA based on core academic courses. For our admitted freshman, roughly 88% of their core grades were As, and 11.5% were Bs. In our holistic review, we also look at grade trends to see how a student has progressed through their HS years. UGA looks closely at academic rigor, specifically what a student will take over four years as compared to what is available. This is not based simply on the number of AP/IB/DE courses, but instead we look at the overall coursework over four years in the five core areas and the progression of rigor over those four years. When we are looking at activities in the holistic review (clubs, sports, pt work, artistic activities, etc.), we are looking at depth and time commitment in these areas in addition to the actual organizations. Please remember that this is not a blog where you should post statistics or throw fellow classmates under the bus. These types of comments will be deleted.

Does Spousal Abuse Have Permanent Effects - 1259 Words

Marcus Neeley Professor Ghanayem English 111 17 September, 2014 Does Spousal Abuse have permanent Effects? Imagine running down the street, with the bare minimum clothing, bleeding rapidly and you do not know where you are going. You feel like you have no one to go to or call, what can you do? Although domestic violence has been around for centuries, it was not until the advent of the woman’s movement about 25 years ago that the issue began receiving serious attention. Today, the issue of spousal abuse is the subject of countless books, films, and stage plays, because domestic violence often goes unreported, it is difficult to get a firm grasp on exactly how many domestic assaults occur each year. Furthermore, causes and effects of spousal abuse have been investigated for some years; leaving emotional and noticeable scares for life. Domestic violence often goes unreported because the victims are living in fear, and are to afraid to report the incidents. Women living in an abusive relationship are in constant fear of their abuser. Many wo men think reporting the abuse makes their abuser beat or even kill them if finding out. â€Å"Some women who have left an abusive partner have been followed and harassed for months or even years, and some have been killed† (Lloyd Ohlin and Michael Tonry, 207). In addition, the wives do not want the husband to be put in jail because she needs them to help to take care of their children, although she would like to have some protection. She isShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Effects of Different Types of Abuse2444 Words   |  10 Pages There are several different types of abuse and each type affects people differently. There is child abuse and spousal abuse, but there is also physical and mental abuse. This paper will go over each type of abuse, how the abuse affects the person, how people can recover from abuse, and just some general information. To start off I will discuss spousal abuse and its affect on people. Surveys in the US and Canada have shown each year about 12 percent of all spouses push, grab, shove or slap theirRead MorePsychology and Geology965 Words   |  4 Pagestantrums, freezing or clinging on to their caregiver (DSM-APA). This can also be seen in sever phobias in adults but rarely does the adult have a temper tantrum, rather, a more developed emotional response is provoked. Typically, the amount of anxiety or fear that is actually observed during a phobic episode is entirely inordinate to the actual threat that a specific phobia may have (DSM-APA). For example, a man afraid of water howls and blubbers at the sight of a pool when the pool holds no threatRead MoreThe Domestic Violence And The Addictive Behavior1802 Words   |  8 Pagesfurther, addictive and abusive behavior is not acceptable under any circumstance. The future is dependent upon the past, and when problematic issues are realized, this a ssists in resolving such in one owns life. More often than not however, that does not occur. The processes and procedures that now occur assist with this, and help children as well as other victims get through this. Roles of parents The traditional roles that parents play are usually one like a nuclear-family, where there isRead More A Lifetime of Damage Essay2397 Words   |  10 Pagespractice of corporal punishment in the home and the lasting harmful effects on the children involved. The research is based on the opinions and finding of professionals in mental health and child development and offers little to no support for the use of physical punishment. This research outlines several areas of a child’s life that are acutely affected by the violent form of punishment called â€Å"spanking†. Within our community I have seen first hand that children who are subjected to such punishmentRead MoreProblems of Society (Law, Crime, Punishment)7483 Words   |  30 Pagesterm in prison. Probation Yet another widely used form of punishment, probation is most often used in lieu of imprisonment. A person is sentenced to probation for misdemeanours as well as a felony of a lesser degree. In some cases the convict may have to spend a part of his sentence in the prison. The person on probation is supposed to abide by the probation conditions set by the court. For instance, he is restricted from possessing weapons or moving out of the area of jurisdiction. The probationRead MoreThe Impact of Domestic Violence Against Women in Tanzania5091 Words   |  21 Pagesit is perhaps the most pervasive In Tanzania women have been subjected to domestic violence in different situations and ways many women found them self doing things that they never wished to do such as, forced prostitution, this is when a women is engage in sexy activities un willingly in exchange of basic needs such a food cloth or shelter, men use their bodies to satisfy their needs in exchange of the basic needs. In Tanzania women have been subjected in domestic violence difference situationsRead MoreTaking a Look at Domestic Violence1955 Words   |  8 Pagesestimated number of 960,000 incidents per year. Domestic violence is an aggressive or a violent behavior within the home, involving the violent abuse of a spouse or partner. â€Å"Domestic violence is domestic abuse, spousal abuse, battering, family violence, dating abuse, and intimate partner violence (IPV), is a pattern of behavior which involves the abuse by one partner against another in an intimate relationship such as marriage, cohabitation, dating or within the family† (NA, April 21, 2014, In WikipediaRead MoreGender Based Violence4083 Words   |  17 PagesIN THE MINISTRY OF WOMEN, YOU RECEIVE A REPORT THAT THE LEVEL OF GENDER BASED VIOLENCE IN CHIEF MUNYUMWBE’S AREA HAS GONE UP. DESCRIBE THE SEQUENTIAL PLATFORM OF ACTIONS THAT YOU CAN MAKE TO ADRESS THIS ISSUE. Gender inequality is both a cause and effect of gender based violence, yet gender based violence is in part responsible for its continuation. This is because a person who has been abused is likely to feel subordinate to the abuser hence increasing the gender gap (inequality). Therefore, thisRead MoreTheology of the Body32011 Words   |  129 Pagesof the sections. This will help those who want to become familiar with the main ideas of the theology of the body to do so rather quickly — in 30 pages rather than 400 — as well as assist those who are already students of the theology of the body to have them presented in an annotated outline form to facilitate their passing on this Gospel of Human Love in the Divine Plan to others. Eventually, I hope to do a commentary to accompany the various sections, but that will come later! I. The original unityRead MoreIssues in Divorce Essay2330 Words   |  10 Pagesvery different. Divorce rates have continued to climb through the centuries as religion has had less of a pull on people’s lives. More and more couples have entered into marriages that simply could not last for the long-term. This can be due to many different factors, including more relaxed divorce laws, women having more of a say in family matters than they did in the past, and changes in society’s acceptance of divorces. More important than why divorces have been increasing is the impact it

Literary Analysis Of The Cask Of Amontillado - 1231 Words

Kaitlin Hunter Mrs. Laszik ENGL 1302.001 27 Oct 2017 The Cask of Amontillado One of the most memorable short stories by the American writer, mainly known for his gothic literature â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, written by Edgar Allan Poe is short story about revenge against an â€Å"old friend† who betrayed another. This strong expression of gothic literature through the drastic change of settings and surroundings. Also, the main character’s, Montressor, narration of the story that he has kept to himself for half a century only adds to the sinister, dark night that leads the two men into the cold, wet catacombs for only one to return. Although it is never revealed to the reader who Montressor is telling his darkest secret for all of these years†¦show more content†¦Its walls had been lined with human remains, piled to the vault overhead, in the fashion of the great catacombs of Paris. Three sides of this interior crypt were still ornamented in this manner. (Poe 119) The reader is shown how Poe intended you to feel as if you were in the catacombs as well through this gothic literature. While Poe made the setting a critical factor in this story, he also provided the readers the main character’s point of view. In addition to Montressor being the central character in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and with that he provides his point of view with the way he describes his unrelenting drive to get his revenge against Fortunato. The author decides to make the narrator as Montressor to show this story in first person to get his perspective, thoughts, and actions through his eyes for the night ahead. In the beginning of this story, Montressor is giving his thoughts toward Fortunato to show the many expressions he delivers to make this story complete: It must be understood that neither by word nor deed had I given Fortunato cause to doubt my good will. I continued, as was my wont, to smile in his face, and he did not perceive that my smile now was at the thought of his immolation† (Poe 116). This perspective makes the reader consider how different this story would be if it were written in Fortunato’s point of view. Would we know what he did to dishonorShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis Of The Cask Of Amontillado 1493 Words   |  6 PagesBrooke Womack Literary Analysis Paper Into to Literature: American I Dr. Julia Pond 12 October 2017 The Cask of Amontillado The Cask of Amontillado is a tale of terror written by Edgar Allen Poe. This short story is from the point of view from Montresor’s memory. The setting of this story is in a small unnamed European city, at a local carnival and then at the catacombs under Montresor’s home, around duck. The brief synopsis of this story is about the revenge that the Montresor, the antagonistRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Cask Of Amontillado1219 Words   |  5 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is a well-known writer in writing detective stories and fear stories. One of his fear stories, â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† was talking about how a man took his payback to his friend. However, to look intensely in this story, I found that this story was not just simply a fear story about how a man gets his revenge in the harmless way. Instead, it also demonstrates much irony in several areas: the title, the event, the season, the costume, the environment, the characters’ personalitiesRead MoreLit erary Analysis - Cask of Amontillado Essay examples680 Words   |  3 PagesIn The Cask of Amontillado Edgar Allan Poe takes us on a journey into the mind of what many would perceive as a mad man. The story tells of what seems to be a horrible revenge made even more horrible by the fact that the vengeance is being taken when no real offense had been known. This notion sets the mood for true evil. The plot of the story is simple. Montresor takes revenge on his friend Fortunato by luring him into the wine cellar under the family estate. There he leads Fortunato into theRead MoreRole of Realism in Edagar Allan Poe ´s The Tell Tale Heart and The Cask of Amortillado1014 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† written by Edgar Allan Poe are dark short stories relevant to murder, revenge, and mystery. Poe writes both stories in a Gothic style in order to deal with ideas of realism. One may ask were the murders and punishments justifiable in either short story? One ma y also ask did Poe accurately depict realism in each story? Realism, defined as a technique in literature that accurately represents everyday life, is questioned in Poe’s works: â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Cask ofRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s The Cask Of Amontillado1232 Words   |  5 Pagesabout the text â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allan Poe, some sources will be used to support the thesis statement, which is â€Å"The author uses irony in the text to illustrate the murder of Fortunado by Montresor, who seeks salvation through death†. Also, there is going to be an analysis on the irony found in the text in relation with the story. To support this thesis, I am going to use some examples from some sources such as â€Å"Literary analysis: Irony in The Cask of Amontillado by Amelia TibbettRead MoreThe Cask of Amontillado and Hills Like White Elephants577 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allan Poe amp; â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemmingway Analysis of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allan Poe Abstract â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allan Poe, is a short story about a man named Montessor who gets revenge on one of his â€Å"friends† named Fortunado by trapping him and burying him alive. Treatment Setting: Two kinds Plot: Man gets revenge on his â€Å"friend† Characters: Montresor, Fortunado, Montresor’s familyRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe1575 Words   |  7 PagesIs there anything that someone could do to you that would cause you to commit murder? Could you get away with it? Montresor is the murderous narrator who has committed the perfect murder in just such a tale, â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado.† Montresor plots and kills an unwary friend/foe during carnival time for motives that are unclear. The author of this tale, Edgar Allan Poe, influenced by his somewhat tragic life and one of the most influential Gothic writers, uses symbolism and irony to show the multitudeRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Cask Of Cask Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis on the Cask of Amontillado In the Cask of Amontilado, Poe uses pride as a theme to explain the reasons for murder. Pride will push a person to the extremes and that has been proven many times throughout history and even now. Pride just recently made a man kill a teenager. They were in a fight and because the teen won the fight others laughed at the man and made fun of him, he shot the teen in the chest and he died. An example of pride driving one to murder is depicted in the CaskRead MoreFor the Love of God, Poe! Essay1359 Words   |  6 Pages-- â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†. This story recounts how a man called Montresor seeks revenge upon a â€Å"friend† who allegedly insulted him. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, the brilliant use of situational irony and macabre humor creates significant parallels between the plot and the author’s own strange life. From the very first sentence, â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is absolutely saturated with both verbal and dramatic irony. In fact, even the title has an element of irony to it -- the word â€Å"cask† (whichRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe1463 Words   |  6 Pagessince Edgar Allan Poe described the death of a gullible fool, yet the taste of a murderer’s Amontillado wine remains bittersweet. Although the work is fictional, â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† provides a nefarious and dismal libretto, depicted as a tale of pride, revenge, and a murder in cold blood. Through the use of symbolism, theological allusion, and foreshadowing, Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† suggests taking pride in seeking revenge on enemies is addictive and intoxicating. Edgar

Electrical Circuit Free Essays

Electrical circuit  is a path which  electrons  from a  voltage  or  current  source flow. Electric current  flows in a closed path called an electric circuit. The point where those electrons enter an electrical circuit is called the â€Å"source† of electrons. We will write a custom essay sample on Electrical Circuit or any similar topic only for you Order Now The point where the electrons leave an electrical circuit is called the â€Å"return† or â€Å"earth ground†. The exit point is called the â€Å"return† because electrons always end up at the source when they complete the path of an electrical circuit. The part of an electrical circuit that is between the electrons’ starting point and the point where they return to the source is called an electrical circuit’s â€Å"load†. ————————————————- Electrical-circuits Electrical circuits usually use  alternating current  sources. The load of an electrical circuit may be as simple as the electrical appliances like refrigerators, televisions, or microwave ovens. But the loads for electrical circuits can also be quite complicated, such as the load upon the output of a hydroelectric power generating station. ———————————————— Electronic circuits Electronic  circuits usually use low voltage  direct current  sources. The load of an electronic circuit may be as simple as a few  resistors,capacito rs, and a lamp, all connected together to create the flash in a  digital camera. Or an electronic circuit can be complicated, connecting thousands of resistors, capacitors, and  transistors  to create the  microprocessors  that make computers possible. ————————————————- Circuit-and-wiring-diagrams Electrical and electronic circuits can be complicated. Making a drawing of the connections to all the component parts in the circuit’s load makes it easier to understand how circuit components are connected. Drawings for electronic circuits are called â€Å"circuit diagrams†. Drawings for electrical circuits are called â€Å"wiring diagrams†. Circuit diagrams and wiring diagrams are usually drawn by skilleddraftsmen, and then printed. But they can also be simple pencil sketches drawn by  technicians  or other workers. Wiring and circuit diagrams use special  symbols  recognized by everyone who uses the drawings. The symbols on the drawings show how components like resistors, capacitors,  inductors, motors, outlet boxes, lights, switches, and other electrical and electronic ————————————————- Circuit-breakers The current flowing in an electrical or electronic circuit can be suddenly increased when a component part fails. The increase in current can cause serious damage to other components in the circuit. Or the failure can create a fire hazard. To protect the other components, or to prevent a fire hazard, a device called a â€Å"circuit breaker† can be wired into a circuit. The circuit breaker will open, or â€Å"break†, the circuit in which it is installed when the current in that circuit becomes too high. ————————————————- [change]Ground-fault-interrupt-(GFI)-devices The standard return for electrical and electronic circuits is the earth ground. When an improperly designed electrical or electronic device fails, it may open the return circuit to the earth ground. The user of the device could become a part of the device’s electrical circuit by providing a return path for the electrons through the user’s body instead of the circuit’s earth ground. When the user’s body becomes part of an electrical circuit, the user can be seriously  shocked, or even killed by  electrocution. To prevent the danger of electrical shock and the possibility of electrocution, ground fault interrupt devices detect open circuits to earth ground in attached electrical or electronic devices. When an open circuit to earth ground is detected, the GFI device immediately opens the voltage source to the device. GFI devices are similar to circuit breakers, but are designed to protect humans rather than circuit components. How to cite Electrical Circuit, Essay examples

Case Study - Corporate Veil Of A Company - Liabilities On Shareholders

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Veil. Answer: The company is a separate legal entity; it has the right to sue another person, and the liability to be sued by another person. According to the provisions of law, a person cannot be held liable for the liabilities of another unless he has expressly or impliedly assumed responsibility, indemnified or guaranteed the other person[1]. In the same way, the directors and other shareholder of the company cannot be accounted for the rights and liabilities of the company, as it is a separate legal person. The corporate veil can be lifted by the court if the company had been formed with the intention of fraud. If the court is satisfied that fraud was the main reason for the creation of the company than in the ends of justice, it can pierce the corporate veil. The concept of corporate veil can be traced since 1612, in the case of Suttons hospital (1612)[2]. In the facts before the court was to determine whether or not the corporate veil can be lifted. In this case, the court provided that the incorporation of the company was valid and the corporate veil cannot be lifted[3]. One of the most significant about case with relation to the lifting of corporate veil is the case of Solomon v Solomon Co ltd 1986. In this case the defendant had solely owned the shares of a company incorporated by him. The defendant was also the debenture holder of the company. The company suffered losses and was ultimately wound up. The defendant as the debenture holder of the company claimed his debenture amount through the companys assets at the time of the winding up. There were very little assets left after the denture was claimed for the payment of other creditors who were the plaintiff. The court in this case dismissed the claim made by the plaintiff highlighting the concept of corporate veil between the owner and the company. The concept of piercing the corporate veil in the united kingdom had been highlighted in united kingdom through various cases such as Macaura v Northern Assurance Co Ltd 1925[4] and Solomon v Solomon Co ltd 1896[5] , where the court decided not to life the corporate veil in ends of justice. In the cases of Gilford Mortar Co Ltd v Horne and Tunstall v Steigmann 1962[6] the court lifted the corporate veil as the company for formed for a fraudulent purpose.[7] Dignam and Lowry have stated that the decisions made by the judges with respect to the cases involving the lifting of corporate veil is not clear and confusing and the judges hide such confusion behind apparent clarity. In the United Kingdom, the lifting of corporate veil is a very rarely used phenomenon. The doctrine of control for piercing the corporate veil and economic reality theory was tried to be established by the court of appeal in the early 1970s for the purpose of lifting the corporate veil. However, the House of Lords reasserted the orthodox approach to this concept. In the landmark case of Adam v cape Industries plc, the court provided that the corporate veil of the corporation can only be pierced by the court when the purpose of the formation of the corporation was fraudulent and had been established in order to evade an existing obligation. There are still various significant statements that are made by the judiciary to support the lifting of corporate veil in a broade r aspect with respect to the ends of justice. This concept provided by the judiciary is discussed in details in the landmark case Prest v. Petrodel Resources Ltd 2013[8]. This case discusses the concept of resulting trusts, piercing of corporate veil and equitable proprietary remedies with respect to English Family Law[9]. In this case, Ms Yasim Prest had made a claim under the provisions of section 23 and 24 of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 for an ancillary relief against a company that was totally owned by her husband Mr. Michale Prest. According to the claimant, the husband had legal title with respect to the properties beneficially owned by him, which included a house worth 4million. She also claimed that her husband did not abide by the provisions of making a total and correct disclosure with respect to his financial position. According to the provisions section 24 of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973, the court has the power to make an order for the transfer of property, if the person against whom the claim is made, holds the legal title of the property. It was provided by the defendant that he did not hold the title of the properties which were claimed by the plaintiff.[10] The high court in this case held that, as the defendant had the powers to transfer the property in practice, it is assumed that he holds the legal title of the property in context with respect to section 24 of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973. It was held by the high court in this case that control and ownership themselves were not enough for the purpose of piercing the corporate veil. The court also provided that in case where there is no existence of a third party interest, the corporate veil cannot be pierced even for the purpose of serving the ends of justice. The court provided that only when there is a case of impropriety can the corporate veil is pierced. Such impropriety must have been related to misuse of the corporate veil for the purpose of avoiding an existing liability. In order to pierce the corporate veil the control of the person who has done a wrongful act is also needed along with the concept of impropriety[11]. The high court in this case justified the pairing of the corporate veil; however, such justification was not based on the general principals but on the provisions of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973. In the same case, when an appeal was made to the court of appeal, the court provided that the decision made by the high court about distribution of the assets owned by a company according to the provisions of Matrimonial Causes Act 1973, was out of the jurisdiction of the court, unless the court had abused the corporate veil of the company[12]. The court of appeal provided that the decision of the high court was incorrect as for the purpose of piercing the corporate veil the company had to be formed based on a fraudulent purposes and it must have been shown by the court that the properties held by the company were on trust of the defendant. The decision made by the judges of the high court was not consistent with the decisions in major cases like Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd, Woolfson v Strathclyde Regional Council and Adams v Cape industries plc. In this case Justice Patten, further provided that this system of family courts with respect to the adoption and development of new approaches towards the assets owned by companies in ancillary relief enforcement is a different system of laws, which has no relevance for the existing laws. These approaches by the lower courts have to be stopped with immediate effect. There was again a difference of opinion in the same case between the two LJs of the court of appeal. Dissenting to concept provided by Patten LJ, Thorpe LJ provided a different concept with respect to the case[13]. He said that the reality in this case was very simple. The defendants used the company to provide for the extravagant lifestyle of himself and his family. This could only have happed if the company was in total control of the defendant and was not liable for any interest with respect to the third parties. As there was a complete control of the defendant over the company, he must have ignored the provisions of the company law towards the operations of the company. After the marriage had come to an end the defendant used the corporate veil as a defense to deprive his wife of her rights. If the present provisions of laws in this respect allows him to escape with such an act it would end the make the effort of the family court to achieve a fair result irrelevant[14]. The confusing in the approach of lifting the corporate veil by the courts can clearly be identified by the difference in these opinions. Further, the Supreme Court had overturned the decision of the court of appeal with respect to this case. The Supreme Court held that as the defendant has contributed personally to the purchase price of the property in context, he had a beneficial interest in the property. The court further provided that in this case there was no necessity of lifting the corporate veil, as this concept is applicable in a very limited situations. The court provided that as the defendant had the title with respect to the assets of the companies with respect to a resulting trust so the transfer of rights under section 24 of Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 was valid[15]. The first judgment in this case as given by lord Sumption, he provided that the corporate veil could be pierced in very rare circumstances, when the company had been formed with the fraudulent motive of escaping an existing obligation[16]. The lifting of corporate veil can only be used to dispossess the controllers of the company of the powers, which they have obtained through the concept of corporate veil. In this case, it cannot be proved that the defendant had created the company to escape the obligation arising out of the divorce, thus corporate veil cannot be lifted. He also provided that the high court had no powers to order the transfer of property under section 24 of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973. Such powers could only arise if the defendant held beneficial interest in the property, the evidence of which in this case of obscure because of mendacity and obstruction of the defendant[17]. The justice in this respect said that there are ways in which, remedies can be provided without lifting the concept of the corporate veil of the companies. he provided examples that an person who is the controller of the company can be held liable as he is the agent of the company, or properties belonging to the companies can be transferred as the controller holds beneficial interest in the property. He provided that there can be many remedies like injunctions, specific performances, provisions of the company act and competition law which been be given without lifting the corporate veil of a company[18]. He added that when the concept of lifting the corporate veil is being talked about, these rules could not be related to it, only in cases, which are truly exempted from the rule of the case Salomon v Salomon co ltd can be related to the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil[19]. Lord Neuberg in this case provided that lifting of the corporate veil should only be done as a last resort. Lord Wilson in this regard gave another view, he provided that the piercing of corporate veil in all cases cannot be classified into cases of evasion or concealment. Lord Mance gave a view that the future situations in which the veil might have to be lifted should not be foreclosed. Concurring to this judgment, lord Clarke provided that corporate veil should only be lifted when there is no other option left. Lord walker in this case gave the view that lifting the corporate veil of a corporation is not at all a doctrine it is only a label. [20] It can be concluded with the decisions of all the judges in this case that, the concept of piercing the corporate veil was unclear and confusing; this concept was not helpful for most of the judges. When it comes to piercing the corporate veil, the judges are always engaged in the process of finding the appropriate principles to adequately address and govern this concept. The judges in order to make their decisions with respect to lifting or piercing the corporate veil rely on several factors such as sham or fraud, agency, determination of nationality, tax evasions and single economic entity[21]. The landmark case of Adams V cape Industries 1991[22] the argument based on a single economic entity was rejected by the court. In this case, the court denied to disregard the legal form to glance at the economic substances. In the recent case of Hashem v. Shayif, it was held by justice Munby after considering many cases with respect to the lifting of corporate veil that, in order to pierce the corporate veil of a company the defendant should have total control over the company and there should be a presence of some kind of impropriety. [23] Although the argument of a single economic unit was rejected in the case of Adams V cape Industries, the case provided for an argument based on the rule of agency. The court in this case provided that agency not only mean a contractual relationship, but an agency arising out of facts. On the other hand, in the case of Hashem v. Shayif it can be concluded that justice Munby did not consider agency as an argument as he insisted on the term of impropriety[24]. In many instances the judges have also based their decisions on the concept of interest of justice whereas, justice Munby had rejected this approach. He provided that after analyzing several cases he found two factors to be present in each case, one was control and the other was impropriety, and the only case in which the court can lift the corporate veil is when there is existence of a faade. The arguments based on agency are not enough to lift the corporate veil because of the presence of impropriety[25]. The courts in most of the cases are unclear, when the phrase lifting the corporate veil is used by them. Prof. S. Ottolenghi in a seminal article in Modern Law Review (May 1990) divided judicial proceedings with respect to corporate veil into four types[26]: Peeping: This concept is used by the court only to determine the control of the defendant over the company. Penetrating: In this case, penetration is done in the corporate veil of a company to tie up liabilities on shareholders for the actions of the company or for giving the shareholders a direct interest with respect to the companys assets. This concept does not mean to provide that the company does not exist. It only provides that the shareholders are being directly looked at by the court because of the existence of certain factors. Extending: This approach is adopted by the courts in both factual agency and single economic unit arguments. This process involves piercing the corporate veil of one company and again reinforcing it to bring another company into the same veil. Ignoring: This concept involves eliminating the corporate veil of a company as a sham or a faade. After going through the decision of various cases, with respect the lifting of corporate veil it can be concluded that, there is an immense uncertainty in this aspect to law. The judges themselves are confused about the use of the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil. All cases provided with a different approach for this purpose and their no certainly and consistency at all between them. The courts, in spite of so many decisions, have not been able to identify a single, simple and clear approach in this field. Courts are making this doctrine more and more complicated by adopting a different approach to it in different cases. References: BOOKS Becker, Riaan. "Disregarding the separate juristic personality of a company: an English case law comparison." (2015). Chen, Chen.Piercing the Corporate Veil. Erasmus Universiteit, 2014. Lam, Chun Leung. "Piercing the Corporate Veil." (2015). Nelson, Josephine Sandler. "Frustration with the Intracorporate Conspiracy Doctrine Distorts Other Areas of Law."Available at SSRN 2581242(2015). Sharman, Jason Campbell. "Shell Companies and Asset Recovery: Piercing the Corporate Veil." (2014). JOURNAL ARTICLES Anderson, Helen. "Challenging the Limited Liability of Parent Companies: A Reform Agenda for Piercing the Corporate Veil."Australian Accounting Review22.2 (2012): 129-141. Booth, Richard A. "Close Encounters with Piercing the Corporate Veil."Vill. L. Rev.61 (2016): 393. Booth, Richard A. "Close Encounters with Piercing the Corporate Veil."Vill. L. Rev.61 (2016): 393. Butusina, Lorena. "Piercing the corporate veil."Revista Romana de Drept al Afacerilor8 (2013): 83. Farrar, John H. "Doctrinal incoherence and complex variables in piercing the corporate veil cases."Australian Journal of Corporate Law29 (2014): 23-37. Grantham, Ross. "Corporate Veil: An Ingenious Device, The."U. Queensland LJ32 (2013): 311. Hare, Christopher. "Family Division, 0; Chancery Division, 1: Piercing the Corporate Veil in the Supreme Court (Again)."The Cambridge Law Journal72.03 (2013): 511-515. Ho, May Kim. "Piercing the corporate veil as a last resort: Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd [2013] UKSC 34;[2013] 2 AC 415;[2013] 3 WLR 1."Singapore Academy of Law Journal26.1 (2014): 249. Khimji, Mohamed F., and Christopher C. Nicholls. "Piercing the Corporate Veil Reframed as Evasion and Concealment."UBCL Rev.48 (2015): 401. Kim, Ho May. "Piercing the Corporate Veil as a Last Resort; Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd."SAcLJ26 (2014): 249. Macey, Jonathan, and Joshua Mitts. "Finding order in the morass: The three real justifications for piercing the corporate veil."Cornell L. Rev.100 (2014): 99. Okoli, Chukwuma. "English courts address the potential convergence between the doctrines of piercing the corporate veil, party autonomy in jurisdiction agreements and privity of contract."Journal of Business Law(2014). Small, Rashied, Lucinda Smidt, and Achmad Joseph. "Piercing the corporate veil-separation of the business from the business owner: industry insights."Professional Accountant26 (2015): 24-25. Thompson, Sharon. "Behind the veil: Company or family property on divorce?."Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law36.2 (2014): 217-219. Tsang, King Fung. "The Elephant in the Room: An Empirical Study of Piercing the Corporate Veil in the Jurisdictional Context."Hastings Bus. LJ12 (2015): 185. CASE LAWS Adams V cape Industries [1991] 1 ALL ER 929 Macaura v Northern Assurance Co Ltd [1925] AC 619 Prest v. Petrodel Resources Ltd [2013] UKSC 34 Solomon v Solomon Co ltd [1896] UKHL 1 Suttons hospital (1612) 77 Eng Rep 960. Tunstall v Steigmann [1962] 2 QB 593 [1] Lam, Chun Leung. "Piercing the Corporate Veil." (2015). [2] Suttons hospital (1612) 77 Eng Rep 960. [3] Small, Rashied, Lucinda Smidt, and Achmad Joseph. "Piercing the corporate veil-separation of the business from the business owner: industry insights."Professional Accountant26 (2015): 24-25. [4] Macaura v Northern Assurance Co Ltd [1925] AC 619 [5] Solomon v Solomon Co ltd [1896] UKHL 1 [6] Tunstall v Steigmann [1962] 2 QB 593 [7] Macey, Jonathan, and Joshua Mitts. "Finding order in the morass: The three real justifications for piercing the corporate veil."Cornell L. Rev.100 (2014): 99. [8] Prest v. Petrodel Resources Ltd [2013] UKSC 34 [9] Ho, May Kim. "Piercing the corporate veil as a last resort: Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd [2013] UKSC 34;[2013] 2 AC 415;[2013] 3 WLR 1."Singapore Academy of Law Journal26.1 (2014): 249. [10] Thompson, Sharon. "Behind the veil: Company or family property on divorce?."Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law36.2 (2014): 217-219. [11] Booth, Richard A. "Close Encounters with Piercing the Corporate Veil."Vill. L. Rev.61 (2016): 393. [12] Okoli, Chukwuma. "English courts address the potential convergence between the doctrines of piercing the corporate veil, party autonomy in jurisdiction agreements and privity of contract."Journal of Business Law(2014). [13] Kim, Ho May. "Piercing the Corporate Veil as a Last Resort; Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd."SAcLJ26 (2014): 249. [14] Grantham, Ross. "Corporate Veil: An Ingenious Device, The."U. Queensland LJ32 (2013): 311. [15] Becker, Riaan. "Disregarding the separate juristic personality of a company: an English case law comparison." (2015). [16] Anderson, Helen. "Challenging the Limited Liability of Parent Companies: A Reform Agenda for Piercing the Corporate Veil."Australian Accounting Review22.2 (2012): 129-141. [17] Farrar, John H. "Doctrinal incoherence and complex variables in piercing the corporate veil cases."Australian Journal of Corporate Law29 (2014): 23-37. [18] Hare, Christopher. "Family Division, 0; Chancery Division, 1: Piercing the Corporate Veil in the Supreme Court (Again)."The Cambridge Law Journal72.03 (2013): 511-515. [19] Nelson, Josephine Sandler. "Frustration with the Intracorporate Conspiracy Doctrine Distorts Other Areas of Law."Available at SSRN 2581242(2015). [20] Butusina, Lorena. "Piercing the corporate veil."Revista Romana de Drept al Afacerilor8 (2013): 83. [21] Khimji, Mohamed F., and Christopher C. Nicholls. "Piercing the Corporate Veil Reframed as Evasion and Concealment."UBCL Rev.48 (2015): 401. [22] Adams V cape Industries [1991] 1 ALL ER 929 [23] Chen, Chen.Piercing the Corporate Veil. Erasmus Universiteit, 2014. [24] Lewis, Andrew. "Piercing the corporate veil has been extended: from the courts."Tax Breaks Newsletter327 (2013): 2-3. [25] Tsang, King Fung. "The Elephant in the Room: An Empirical Study of Piercing the Corporate Veil in the Jurisdictional Context."Hastings Bus. LJ12 (2015): 185. [26] Sharman, Jason Campbell. "Shell Companies and Asset Recovery: Piercing the Corporate Veil." (2014).

My Beloved Mother Essay Example

My Beloved Mother Essay Her name is Salina Binti Yusoff. She was born at 22 June 1960, 3 years after our country got its independence. She is the youngest in her family of ten siblings. My mother have five sisters and four brothers. They are part of my big family. Let we tell you about my mother background. She didn’t get any education because her family is not ability to support her studies. As an eldest sister, she must be take care of her sisters and her brothers. Sometimes, she helps her father and her mother at the farm and always prepare for breakfast, lunch and dinner. She likes sewing and gardening. She married with my father when she was around 27 years old. After many years, she got my eldest brother and three years later my sister was born. And the last, I was born in 1997. She is a the kind and responsible mother. Every morning, she prepare the breakfast for our family and make sure we brought the food to school. At the same time, she likes my friend because I always share my problems with her. She is very concerned about her family especially about our health. As her daughter, I love her very much and never person can replace her in my heart. She is a great mother to my family and in the world. I hope, I can be like her in the future. I promise with myself that I want make her life happy and hope she is proud to have are her daughter. May ALLAH bless her every time . We will write a custom essay sample on My Beloved Mother specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on My Beloved Mother specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on My Beloved Mother specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Examine the party scene where Romeo and Juliet first meet. What makes this scene dramatic and effective on stage Essays

Examine the party scene where Romeo and Juliet first meet. What makes this scene dramatic and effective on stage Essays Examine the party scene where Romeo and Juliet first meet. What makes this scene dramatic and effective on stage Paper Examine the party scene where Romeo and Juliet first meet. What makes this scene dramatic and effective on stage Paper There are mainly two different themes in the play Romeo and Juliet: Love and Hate. These two emotions are expressed throughout Romeo and Juliet, but are most prominent in Act 1 Scene 5.Romeo expresses his strong feelings of love for Juliet: Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear. This shows that Romeo tries to inform Juliet of his love for her in the strongest way he can. He shows his love by saying that shes richer than anything, shes worth more than the world and that shes heavenly. The theme of love also links in with another sub theme, which is that Shakespeare often compares love to money.As a rich jewel in an Ethiops ear, again expressed by Romeo for his love to Juliet. He cant tell Juliet or anyone how much he reveres her. Romeo uses powerful images of wealth to try and give the reader an idea of how much he loves her.The first time Romeo and Juliet are brought together is at a Capulet party, when Romeo takes her hand and claims:- If I profane with my unworthiest hand thi s holy shrine, the gentle pain is this: My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss. By holding hands a spark is lit inside them. They talk to each other with soft romantic words. Romeo wants to steal a kiss from Juliet. He expresses words which make his lips sound as if Juliet would receive a pleasant feeling if she were to grant him a kiss. However Juliet challenges Romeo by turning his words around.For saints have hands that pilgrims hands do touch, And palm to palm is holy palmers kiss. Both Romeo and Juliet partake in a form of verbal fencing. This act of courtship makes the scene dramatic by engaging the audience to wonder if they will pursue their love. Yet after all the twisting of each others words they do kiss.For I neer saw true beauty till this night. Romeos expressions of his heavy feelings is constant. However his feelings are damaged when he finds out what family Juliet belongs to. Is she a Capulet? Romeo has news from the nu rse that his love is part of the Capulet family. Shakespeare revelation that Romeos love is one of his enemies increases the dramatic impact. Romeo is from the Montague family, who loath the Capulet family.My life is my foes dept. Romeo was deeply in love with Juliet, as if he had won a fortune, and suddenly he has fallen into great debt. This part of the play makes the scene effective on stage because it crumbles away all the romantic feelings and love, it builds up tension. Romeo and Juliet are madly in love, however they are in great danger. A disturbing emotion hits Juliet when she finds out that her lovers name is Romeo Montague. She calls for her nurse expecting to hear good words about the person who catches her eye at the party.Go ask his name. If he be married, Juliet wants to find out as much as she can about this gentleman, and when she does, it is not what she wanted to hear.His name is Romeo, and a Montague, the only son of your great enemy. The nurse breaks the bad new s to Juliet.My only love sprung from my only hate!. The one person who happened to give Juliet the feeling of love had to be the one person who would be least welcomed by her family. The remainder of her family would have the entire opposite feeling towards Romeo as Juliet had, her family already hates him.The other main theme of the play Hate is expressed in this scene also by Tybalt. Tybalt is the cousin of Juliet, a Capulet. Tybalt notices Romeo at the Capulet party, and his first instinct is to do away with him. Now, by the stock and honour of my kin, to strike him dead I hold it not a sin. A Montague is not welcome at this Capulet celebration. Tybalt believes that Romeo is only at the party to spite the Capulets and cause trouble. Shakespeare makes this scene effective on stage, by making Tybalt be able to see every move Romeo makes, where as the Montague has no awareness of him. This builds up the tension in the audience, and makes them want to know what will soon occur, they want to tell Romeo he is in danger.A villain that is hither come in spite, to scorn at our solemnity this night. With Tybalt believing this, he wants to seize the Montague before the Montague can get the Capulet. However, Tybalts uncle persuades Tybalt to leave Romeo as he does not want any trouble in front of his guests.Content thee, gentle coz, let him alone, This part of the scene makes the play dramatic by making the audience wonder if Tybalt will leave Romeo be or if he will make a great problem for the lovers, and show himself up in front of all the Capulet guests. The words said by Tybalt places Romeo in great danger, it makes the audience care for Romeo. Shakespeare makes this scene dramatic by introducing Romeo to his love, in a place where his life could end soon.Shakespeare combines the two main themes of the play very closely together in this scene. While Romeo and Juliet are expressing their love for one another, inside there is existing hate for each other which they a re not aware of. The hate is not there for them as individuals, but there for the names which they have been given. As they are winning the money, it is slowly sliding out of a hole in their pockets which they are not aware of.Shakespeare also builds up the tension for their future in this scene. The audience knowing that their families are rivals, and that there is much confusion in the air, the audience are tense to see the outcome. It is blatant to the audience at this stage that the play will either end with love or hate, but they do not know which.

Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Music - Essay Example However, in October 2005 the famous three (Dave Gahan, Martin L. Gore and Andrew Fletcher) released Precious (the 1st single from the CD), and soon after it the CD itself. It is crucial to pay profound attention to the track list of the CD so that to have a better understanding of the overall mood and musical qualities of Playing the Angel. The opening song of the CD â€Å"A pain that I’m used to† is exclusively powerful and emotional. It is very integral, and at the same time filled with various musical elements. The â€Å"industrial† noise at the beginning of the track transform into pulsing rhythm at the background and the reserved vocal line of David Gahan. Bit by bit the sound comes back to the roughness and the craziness of the initial motive. Contrasted to this musical aggression are the â€Å"phlegmatic† guitar parts. â€Å"John The Revelator† is the seconds track of the album, and it is close in its musical characteristics to the first one. Its zest is in the combination of vivid rock’n’roll-style melody, electronic effects and old-fashioned accompaniment. â€Å"Suffer Well† has amazing refrain that is at the same time extremely expressive, ecstatic and elevated. â€Å"The Sinner In Me† is gloomy and a bit tense, with a lot of nice electronic effects. But its problem is that is it situated between two real masterpieces – â€Å"Suffer Well† and â€Å"Precious†. â€Å"Precious† is the first single from Playing The Angel and reminds of their earlier song Enjoy The Silence. In both songs the voice of Depeche Mode’s frontman David Gahan has similar vocal qualities: it is melancholic and a bit â€Å"distant†. The song has a very remarkable keyboard party that contains magical elements in each and every sound and in its overall harmony. â€Å"Macro† is one of the two songs at the CD with Martin L. Gore’s vocal. The refrain of

Women rights in Brazil and Egypt Research Paper

Women rights in Brazil and Egypt - Research Paper Example This brought a completely new religion and an all new language. To highlight a current issue of this country, I have gone through a number of media sources and newspapers. The Daily News Egypt is a newspaper that examines various national and global affairs from an Egyptian frame of reference. Al-Masry Al-Youm, on the other hand is an independent news agency that is operational in Egypt. These are the key resources that will be utilized to discuss, elaborate and examine the chosen current issue (Tignor 2011). Brazil, with its capital Brasilia is the second region under debate. The country has a population of 195.4 million. Social conditions can be bitter in big regions of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, where up to third of total population resides in slums. To point out a current issue of this country, I have gone through a book called Latin American women: historical perspectives By Asuncion Lavrin. I have also analyzed details available on BBC.co.uk, an online news source that provi des political, cultural and economic insights (BBC 2010). As I researched the above mentioned sources, I found out that women’s right is an issue that is highly being focused.... Many women gathered at Tahrir Square on 8th March, 2011. Their ultimate aim was to remind the government that women make up half of the country and that they should have a say in the construction of a new Egypt. Throughout the uprising of Egypt, while women have played important roles in street protests, they remained silent regarding gender rights in their country. Due to this, they have not only faced aggressive discrimination but also received minimal legal aid against sexual abuse and widespread violence. The second article â€Å"Paving a Way for Women in Brazil† which has been written by Luisita Lopez Torregrosa (2011) and published in the New York Times highlights Dilma Rousseff’s speech at the U.N. General Assembly in the month of September. She, as the first ever female president of Brazil declared this century to be one for the women adding that her motive is to spread democracy and provide equal rights. Ms. Rousseff has taken steps to appoint women at prestigi ous posts such as chief of staff, institutional relations minister as well as planning minister. It has been observed that Brazilian women have made considerable advancement on closing gaps in fields of education and health but there are still gaps in wages, labor force, and the ratio of women’s unemployment and in their contribution to superior levels of hierarchies in businesses. If we compare the two, in order to emerge as prosperous nations, both these countries need to solve women’s right issues on a serious note. As compared to Brazil, women in Egypt are not given much chances as of yet, to contribute in the political sector. Even though they played a prominent role throughout Egypt uprising, they are not been given enough chances to grow and

Effect of Stress on Job Performance

Effect of Stress on Job Performance STRESS AND JOB PERFORMANCE People react to stress in different ways. Some copy much better than others and suffering fewer of the harmful effects of stress. Just as stress differs as a function of the individual, it also differs as a function of ones type of occupation. Some occupations are, of course, inherently more stressful than others. All of the stress-strain-health relationships have an obvious impact on the organization and industry. Both physical and mental illness renders the employee unlit for work, and combine both to lessen the satisfaction obtained from work and reduce job performance and productivity levels. There are various ways that stress symptoms or outcomes are reflected in the workplace. Evidence from a growing body of research suggests that certain individuals, in a variety of occupations, are increasingly exposed to unacceptable levels of job-related stress (Schultz Schultz, 2002). Occupational stress is any discomfort which is felt and perceived at a personal level and triggered by in stances, events or situations that are too intense and frequent in nature so as to exceed a persons coping capabilities and resources to handle them adequately (Malta, 2004) Occupational stress can be defined as the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources or need of the worker (Sauter and Murphy. 1999). Performance is defined as the outcomes and accomplishments valued by the organization or system that one works in. Each individual is exposed to a range of stressors both at work and in their personal lives which ultimately affect his or her performance. Pressure at work can be positive leading to increased productivity. However, when this pressure becomes excessive it has a negative impact. The individual perceive themselves as being unable to cope and not to possess the necessary skills to combat their stress. Stress is acknowledged to be one of the main causes of absence from work (Mead, 2000). The occupational stressors can be categorized into four major groups. Firstly, the working conditions, including shift and week-end work, inadequate remuneration, hours of work, discrimination and safety at the work environment. Secondly, relationship at work including quality of relationships with peers, subordinates and supervisors. Thirdly, role conflicts and ambiguity including ill-defined role, functions, expectations, and duties. Fourthly, organization structure and climate which includes communication policy and practice, major changes in the workplace, culture of the organization, and lack of participation in decision-making. Another cause is career development including under utilization of skills or failing to reach full potential. Another contributing factor is the nature of the job which might amount to an immense amount of physical and emotional exhaustion (Parikh Taukari, 2004) The main objective of this study is to identify role of different contributing factors of job stress and to investigate level of stress on those factors in the organization. And also to find that how job performance is affected by job stress. There are different factors of job stress i.e. work overload, work under load, supervision role conflicts, career development, physical environment repetitive work, work family conflict and coworkers. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES There is difference in level of occupational stress among the employees of different departments of the organization. High level of stress adversely affects the performance of the employees. STRESS AT WORLKPLACE (OCCUPATIONAL STRESS) In todays changing and competitive work environment stress level is increasing both in WORKERS as well as MANAGERS .As a result of this work stress, more and more managers are showing signs of chronic fatigue and burnout. Research has concluded that stressed out managers are not good for organization and shareholders also .In most case stress reduced efficiency among individuals as well as reduced productivity also. Stress is the problem in amongst all the countries of the world ,irrespective of whether the economy is strong or weak .To know about the actual work stress we should have to know about the behavior of the individuals ,causes of the stress, its consequences and then how it can be reduce . â€Å"Considered from an individual`s points of view stress is our body`s physical, mental and chemical reaction to circumstance that frighten, confuse, endanger or irritate to any person†. If controlled stress, is a friend that strengthens us for the next encounter .if handled poorly, it becomes an enemy which can cause diseases like high blood pressure, ulcer, asthma, and over reactive thyroid. As per the medical explanation of the term â€Å"Stress is the body`s general response to environment situations.† it can lead to Physiological discomfort. Some kind of emotional unhappiness. Strained relationship with other people. In very simple words stress refers to an individual`s reaction to a disturbing factor in the environment. Different discipline and different professional have viewed it differently. Agarwala at 1979 believed that the confusion in definition is primarily due to the fact that the same term is used variously by scholars of different disciplines .Thus, in physic, stress is a force which acts on a body to produce strain. According to Beehr and Newman â€Å"Job stress is a condition arising from the interaction of the people and their jobs, and characterized by changes within people and force them to deviate from their normal functioning.† Stress can be defined as â€Å"Bodys non specific response to any demand made on it. Stress is not by definition synonymous with nervous system tension or anxiety. On one side Stress provides the means to express talents and energies and pursue happiness, on the other side it can also cause exhaustion and illness, either physical or psychological† One of the common accepted views of stress is provided by Selye through THREE STAGE MODEL OF STRESS. He called it General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS). Selye defines stress as â€Å"an adoptive response to the external situation that results in physical, physiological, and behavioural deviation for organizational participant.† He has suggested a three stage model and states that when an organism is confronted with a threat the general physiological response occurs in the three stages . Selye said that †¦There can be up to three phases that our resistance levels go through when we are exposed to a stressor. The first is the alarm phase. The bodys resistance to physical damage drops for a short-time. This is so our bodies can prepare to cope with the stressor by using up available energy and normally protective stress hormones. Temporarily some of our defenses against physical damage drop so that our blood pressure increases, blood-sugar rises, muscle tension increases, we breathe faster and deeper and we get a surge of adrenaline-like substances to give us extra physical capabilities should we need them. If the stressor no longer exists the body returns to its normal level of resistance. However if the stressor persists, (we cant fight or flee from it or and this goes beyond his original thinking we are unable to apply counteracting psychosocial resources) our level of resistance increases beyond normal, relaxed levels When our bodies start to run in higher gear. High levels of stress hormones continue to help us cope with the stressor. This is appropriately called the resistance phase. If there is no relief the body can continue for days, weeks, even years until either the stressor is suddenly removed or because it is very energy-consuming our body collapses often with more dangerous and extreme physical reactions. They are the same as in the alarm phase only more intense and more relentless. It is here in this third or exhaustion phase that our health suffers or even death can occur. Our level of resistance to physical disorder, disease and psychological pressure is at its lowest. It is characterized by feelings of lethargy an absence of energy and bodily resources to cope. MEASUREMENT OF ROLE STRESS: In the context of India two measures have been developed by Indian researchers and have been extensively used in research in India. They are given below: ORGANIZATIONAL ROLE STRESS: This instrument developed by Pareek (1983) this instrument based on the key concept t understand the integration of the organization .It is through this role that the individual interacts and gets integrated with the system. An n organization can be defined as system of roles, where role has been defined by the expectations various significant persons, including himself / herself, have from that position. The concept of role and the related concepts of ‘role space and ‘role set have a built- in potential for conflict and stress (Pareek 1999). From the point of view of an individual, two role systems are important: Role Space and Role Set. ROLE SPACE:- Each individual occupies and plays several roles simultaneously. A person can be a son a father a member of a club and so on at the same time. All these roles constitute role space time. All these roles constitute role space. In the center of the role space is the self. Role space is the self. Role space thus can be defending as â€Å"the dynamic inter-relationship between the self various roles an individual occupies.† ROLE SET;- The individual`s role in the organization is defined by the expectations of other significant roles and those of the individual himself .thus the role set is â€Å"the pattern of relationship between the role being considered and other roles. The organization role stress scale consists of 50 items measuring ten different types of organizational role stresses. These roles stress are Following: Inter role distance (IRD):-it is expected when there is a conflict between organizational and non organizational roles. Role stagnation (RS):- it is the feeling of being stuck in same role. Role expectation conflict (REC):- Stress is generated by expectation of different significant persons such as superior , subordinate, and peers ,about the same role and the role occupant`s ambivalence as to whom to please. Role Erosion (RE); Here stress is the function of the role occupant`s feeling that some function which should properly belong to her role are transferred to some other role. Role Overload (RO) ; when the role occupant feels that there are too many expectations from her. Role Isolation (RI); Stress refer to the psychological distance between the occupant role and other roles in the same role set. Personal Inadequacy; It arises when the role occupant feels that he does not have the necessary skills and training for effectively performing the function expected from his role. Self Role Distance (SRD):- When the role the person occupies goes against his self concept. Role Ambiguity (RA):- It refers to the lack of clarity about the expectation of the role. Resource Inadequacy (RIN):- Stress is evident when the role occupant feels that he is not provided with the adequate resources for performing the function expected from his role. SOURCES OF STRESS It has been said that stress result form a misfits between environmental demands and personal adequacies to meet these demands .However, management of stress is not possible unless the individual is aware of the specific source of stress. Stress can be emanating from variety of sources. Pestonjee (1983) has identified three important sectors of life in which stress originates .These are (a) Job and organization (b) Social Factors (c) Inter Psychic sector .The first namely , job and organization, refers to totality of the work environment (task ,atmosphere, colleagues , compensations, policies ,etc.)The social factors refer to the social / culture context of life .It may include religion, caste, language, dress and other factors. The intra psychic sector encompasses those things which are intimate and personal like temperament, values, abilities, and health. It is contended that stresses can originate in any of these sectors or in combinations thereof. Factor intrinsic to the Job: These are related to poor working conditions shift work, long hours, poor technology, travel, risk and danger, work over load. Role in the organization: When a persons role in an organization is clearly defined and understood, and when expectation place upon the individual are also clear and non- conflicting, stress can be kept to a minimum. Ivancevich and Matteson (1980) have identified three critical factors- role ambiguity ,role conflict , and degree of responsibility for others are major source of stress. Relation -ship at work: The working relationship which one has with people working in the same organization can also be a major source of stress. Career Development : A host of issue such as job security , fear of job loss, obsolescence or retirement and numerous performance appraisals can create pressure and strain. Organizational structure climate: just being part of an organization can present threats to a persons sense of freedom and autonomy. It seems that the position in the organization has something to do with stress. However the research evidence its inclusive .some studies have found that position in the organization does make a difference in job stress. Nature of Profession: The research evidence suggests that certain kind of occupations cause greater stress. Than others in a study of comparative degree of stress amongst professionals Mishra(2001)collected data from 144 doctors and 82 nurses drawn from various hospitals , their result show that nurses experience greater stress in their job as compared to doctors. Predispositional stress: The degree of stress seems vary with the personality and predispositional factor. Some individuals experience greater stress than others. Doctors with internal locus of control reported higher organizational stress than the internal . (Kumar 1988) The below chart shows one example of the structure of a department in an organization, indicating typical causes of stress that may effect stress at certain levels in the structure, and particular. Causes that are affecting individuals. Stress is contagious; anyone who is not performing well due to increases the amount of pressure on their colleagues, superiors, and subordinates. SYMPTOMS OF STRESS As stated earlier Stress is caused by or reaction to the external events and bring about changes in our response and our general behavior. The presence of Stress can be estimated by the analysis of certain symptoms an individual shows. These symptoms can be divided into three different categories. They are Feelings ,Behavoiur and pshysological . When the individual experience Stress, one or more of the following symptoms can be exhibited: Feelings The individual becomes anxious about the outcomes and is scared. The person feels that he has got something to loose or something wrong will take place. In an anxious state the person does not want to be corrected or interrupted. He looks out for other areas where he can forget about the stress-causing event for a while. The person becomes irritable and moody. During high level of Stress the individual develops a negative frame of mind and suffers from low self-esteem. The person loses faith in his capabilities and is afraid of the failures. The individual does not have a focused approach and is not able to concentrate and is involved in his own plans and thoughts. Physiological and Behavioral Changes Speech problems. Impulsive Behavior Crying for no apparent reason. Laughing in a high pitch and nervous tone of voice. Grinding of teeth Increasing smoking and use of drugs and alcohol. Being accident-prone Perspiration /sweaty hands Increased heart beat Trembling/Sleeping problems Diarrhea / indigestion / vomiting/ nausea Butterflies in stomach Headaches Premenstrual tension Pain in the neck and or lower back Susceptibility to illness Loss of appetite Nervous ticks Dryness of throat and mouth. Tiring easily or over eating CONSEQUENCES OF STRESS The effect of stress is closely linked to individual personality. The same level of stress affects different people in different ways each person has different ways of coping. Recognizing these personality types means that more focused help can be given. Stress shows itself number of ways. For instance, individual who is experiencing high level of stress may develop high blood pressure, ulcers, irritability, difficulty in making routine decisions, loss of appetite, accident proneness, and the like. These can be subsumed under three categories: Individual consequences Organizational consequence Burnout Individual consequences: Individual consequences of stress are those, which affect the individual directly. Due to this the organization may suffer directly or indirectly, but it is the individual who has to pays for it. Individual consequences of stress are broadly divided into behavioral, psychological and medical. v Behavioral consequences of stress are responses that may harm the person under stress or others. Behaviorally related stress symptoms include changes in productivity, turnover, as well as changes in eating habits, increased smoking or consumption of alcohol, paid speech, and sleep disorders. v Psychological consequences of stress replace to an individual mental health and well-being from or felling depressed. Job related stress could cause dissatisfaction, infact it has most psychological effect on the individual and lead to tension, anxiety irritability, and boredom. v Medical consequences of stress affect a persons well being. According to a research conducted, it revealed that stress could create changes in metabolism, increase heart and breathing rates, increases blood pressure bring out headaches and induce heart attacks. Organizational consequences: Organizational consequences of stress have direct affect on the organizations. These include decline in performance, withdrawal and negative changes in attitude.  ¯ Decline in performance can translate into poor quality work or a drop in productivity. Promotions and other organizational benefits get affected due to this.  ¯ Withdrawal behavior also can result from stress. Significant form of withdrawal behavior is absenteeism.  ¯ One main affect of employee stress is directly related to attitudes. Job satisfaction, morale and organizational commitment can all suffer, along with motivation to perform at higher levels. Burnout:- A final consequence of stress has implementation for both people and organizations. Burnout is a general feeling of exhaustion that develops when an individual simultaneously experiences too much pressure and few sources of satisfaction. STRESS AND YOUR PERFORMANCE So far, we have seen that stress is a negative experience. We have seen the short-term burnout. The Positive Effects of Pressure Sometimes, however, the pressures and demands that may cause stress can be positive in their effect. One example of this is where sportsmen and women flood their bodies with fight-or-flight adrenaline to power an explosive performance. Another example is where deadlines are used to motivate people who seem bored or unmotivated. We will discuss this briefly here, but throughout the rest of this site we see stress as a problem that needs to be solved. The Negative effect of pressure In most work situations jobs, our stress responses cause our performance to suffer. A calm, rational, controlled and sensitive approach is usually called for in dealing with most difficult problems at work: Our social inter-relationships are just too complex not to be damaged by an aggressive approach, while a passive and withdrawn response to stress means that we can fail to assert our rights when we should. Before we look further at how to manage stress and our performance, it is important to look at the relationship between pressure and performance in a little more detail, first by looking at the idea of the â€Å"Inverted-U†, and second by looking at Flow. This is the ideal state of concentration and focus that brings excellent performance. Pressure Performance – the Inverted U The relationship between pressure and performance is explained in one of the oldest and most important ideas in stress management, the â€Å"Inverted-U† relationship between pressure and performance. The Inverted-U relationship focuses on peoples performance of a task. The left hand side of the graph is easy to explain for pragmatic reasons. When there is very little pressure on us to carry out an important task, there is little incentive for us to focus energy and attention on it. This is particularly the case when there may be other, more urgent, or more interesting, tasks competing for attention. As pressure on us increases, we enter the â€Å"area of best performance†. Here, we are able to focus on the task and perform well – there is enough pressure on us to focus our attention but not so much that it disrupts our performance. The right hand side of the graph is more complex to explain. Negative Thoughts Crowd Our Minds We are all aware that we have a limited short-term memory: If you try to memorize a long list of items, you will not be able to remember more than six or eight items unless you use formal memory techniques. Similarly, although we have huge processing power in our brains, we cannot be conscious of more than a few thoughts at any one time. In fact, in a very real way, we have a limited â€Å"attention capacity†. As we become uncomfortably stressed, distractions, difficulties, anxieties and negative thinking begin to crowd our minds. This is particularly the case where we look at our definition of stress, i.e. that it occurs when a person perceives that â€Å"demands exceed the personal and social resources the individual is able to mobilize.† These thoughts compete with performance of the task for our attention capacity. Concentration suffers, and focus narrows as our brain becomes overloaded. As shown in the figure, this is something of a slippery slope: the more our brain is overloaded, the more our performance can suffer. The more our performance suffers, the more new distractions, difficulties, anxieties and negative thoughts crowd our minds. Other research has shown that stress reduces peoples ability to deal with large amounts of information. Both decision-making and creativity are impaired because people are unable to take account of all the information available. This inability accounts for the common observation that highly stressed people will persist in a course of action even when better alternatives are available. It also explains why anxious people perform best when they are put under little additional stress, while calm people may need additional pressure to produce a good performance. Notes on the research behind the Inverted-U: While this is an important and useful idea, peoples evaluations of stress and performance are by necessity subjective. This has made it difficult to prove the ‘Inverted-U idea formally. Also, for ease of explanation, we show a smooth curve here. In reality, different people have different shaped and positioned inverted-Us at different times and in different circumstances. This is all part of â€Å"lifes rich tapestry†. Entering a State of Flow When you are operating in your â€Å"area of best performance†, you are normally able to concentrate, and focus all of your attention on the important task at hand. When you do this without distraction, you often enter what Professor Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi of Chicago University describes as a state of ‘flow. This involves â€Å"being completely involved in an activity for its own sake. The ego falls away. Time flies. Every action, movement, and thought follows inevitably from the previous one, like playing jazz. Your whole being is involved, and youre using your skills to the utmost. You perform at your best in this state because you are able to focus all of your efforts, resources and abilities on the tasks at hand. While you are sufficiently motivated to resist competing temptations, you are not so stressed that anxieties and distractions interfere with clear thought. This is an intensely creative, efficient and satisfying state of mind. It is the state of mind in which, for example, the most persuasive speeches are made, the best software is developed, and the most impressive athletic or artistic performances are delivered. Helping Yourself to Get Into Flow One of the frustrations of management is that managers can feel that they lose the ‘right to these periods of deep concentration when they must be readily available to others, and be able to deal with the constantly changing information, decisions and activities around them. Studies of good managers show that they rarely get more than a few minutes alone without distraction. This alone can be frustrating, and can contribute strongly to managerial stress. In jobs where concentration is a rare commodity, there are various solutions to creating the periods of flow that sustain good performance. Solutions include working from home, or setting aside parts of the day as quiet periods. Another solution might be to delegate the activities that require the greatest levels of concentration, allowing the manager to concentrate on problems as they arise, serving to create a flow of its own. One of the key aims of this site is to help you manage stress so that you can enter this state of flow, and deliver truly excellent performance in your career. MANAGING STRESS IN THE WORK PLACE Every responds to stress in a different way, it is only by understanding the nature of individual responses that you can start fighting stress yourself and others. Reduction or elimination of stress is necessary for psychological and physical well being of an individual. Efficiency in stress management enables the individual to deal or cope with the stressful situations instead of avoidance. Strategies like tie management, body-mind and mind-body relaxation exercise, seeking social support help individual improve their physical and mental resources to deal with stress successfully. Apart from helping employees adopt certain coping strategies to deal with stress providing them with the service of counselor is also useful. Many strategies have been developed to help manage stress in the work place. Some are strategies for individuals, and other is geared toward organizations. Individual coping strategies: Many strategies for helping individuals manage stress have been proposed. Individual coping strategies are used when an employee under stress exhibits undesirable behavior on the jobs such as performance, strained relationship with co-workers, absenteeism alcoholism and the like. Employees under stress require help in overcoming its negative effects. The strategies used are: Exercise: One method by which individual can manage their stress is through exercise. People who exercise regularly are known to less likely to have heart attacks than inactive people are. Research also has suggested that people who exercise regularly feel less tension and stress are more conflict and slow greater optimism. Relaxation: A related method individual can manage stress is relaxation. Copying with stress require adaptation. Proper relaxation is an effective way to adopt. Relaxation can take many forms. One way to relax is to take regular vacations; people can also relax while on the job (i.e. take regular breaks during their normal workday). A popular way of resting is to sit quietly with closed eyes for ten minutes every afternoon. Time management: Time management is an often recommended method for managing stress, the idea is that many daily pressures can be eased or eliminated if a person does a better job of managing time. One popular approach to time management is to make a list, every morning or the thins to be done that day. Then you group the items on the list into three categories: critical activities that must be performed, important activities that should be performed, and optimal or trivial things that can be delegated or postponed, then of more of the important things done every day. ROLE MANAGEMENT: Some what related to time management in which the individual actively works to avoid overload, ambiguity and conflict. SUPPORT GROUPS: This method of managing stress is to develop and maintain support group. A support group is simply a group of family member or friends with whom a person can spend time. Supportive family and friends can help people deal with normal stress on an ongoing basis. Support groups can be particularly useful during times of crisis. BEHAVIORAL SELF-CONTROL: In ultimate analysis, effective management if stress presupposes exercise of self-control on the part of an employee. By consciously analyzing the cause and consequences of their own behavior, the employees can achieve self-control. They can further develop awareness of their own limits of tolerance and learn to anticipate their own responses to various stressful situations. The strategy involves increasing an individuals control over the situations rather than being solely controlled by them. COGNITIVE THERAPY: The cognitive therapy techniques such as Ellis rational emotive model and Meichenbaums cognitive strategy fir modification have been used as an individual strategy for reducing job stress. COUNSELING: Personal counseling help employees understand and appreciate a diverse workforce, the holistic approach adopted by the counselor gives him a comprehensive view of the employee as client and enable him to deal the issues of work related problems in a larger context with his awareness of the inter-relationship among problems in adjustment with self, other and environment and that a work concern will effect personal life and vice-versa, the employee would receive help regarding the problem in all life. One of the advantage of the individual interventions is the individual can use these skills to improve the quality of life in offer domains like family, social support and self, thus reducing the negative carry of experiences in these domains into the work life which might effect his occupation mental health. ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGIES: The most effective way of managing stress calls for adopting stressors and prevent occurrence of potential stressors. Two basic organizational strategies for helping employees manage stress are institutional programs and collateral programs. Work Design Stress Management programs Work schedules Health promotions programs Culture Other programs Supervision Institutional programs: Institutional programs for managing stress are undertaken to established organizational mechanism Effect of Stress on Job Performance Effect of Stress on Job Performance STRESS AND JOB PERFORMANCE People react to stress in different ways. Some copy much better than others and suffering fewer of the harmful effects of stress. Just as stress differs as a function of the individual, it also differs as a function of ones type of occupation. Some occupations are, of course, inherently more stressful than others. All of the stress-strain-health relationships have an obvious impact on the organization and industry. Both physical and mental illness renders the employee unlit for work, and combine both to lessen the satisfaction obtained from work and reduce job performance and productivity levels. There are various ways that stress symptoms or outcomes are reflected in the workplace. Evidence from a growing body of research suggests that certain individuals, in a variety of occupations, are increasingly exposed to unacceptable levels of job-related stress (Schultz Schultz, 2002). Occupational stress is any discomfort which is felt and perceived at a personal level and triggered by in stances, events or situations that are too intense and frequent in nature so as to exceed a persons coping capabilities and resources to handle them adequately (Malta, 2004) Occupational stress can be defined as the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources or need of the worker (Sauter and Murphy. 1999). Performance is defined as the outcomes and accomplishments valued by the organization or system that one works in. Each individual is exposed to a range of stressors both at work and in their personal lives which ultimately affect his or her performance. Pressure at work can be positive leading to increased productivity. However, when this pressure becomes excessive it has a negative impact. The individual perceive themselves as being unable to cope and not to possess the necessary skills to combat their stress. Stress is acknowledged to be one of the main causes of absence from work (Mead, 2000). The occupational stressors can be categorized into four major groups. Firstly, the working conditions, including shift and week-end work, inadequate remuneration, hours of work, discrimination and safety at the work environment. Secondly, relationship at work including quality of relationships with peers, subordinates and supervisors. Thirdly, role conflicts and ambiguity including ill-defined role, functions, expectations, and duties. Fourthly, organization structure and climate which includes communication policy and practice, major changes in the workplace, culture of the organization, and lack of participation in decision-making. Another cause is career development including under utilization of skills or failing to reach full potential. Another contributing factor is the nature of the job which might amount to an immense amount of physical and emotional exhaustion (Parikh Taukari, 2004) The main objective of this study is to identify role of different contributing factors of job stress and to investigate level of stress on those factors in the organization. And also to find that how job performance is affected by job stress. There are different factors of job stress i.e. work overload, work under load, supervision role conflicts, career development, physical environment repetitive work, work family conflict and coworkers. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES There is difference in level of occupational stress among the employees of different departments of the organization. High level of stress adversely affects the performance of the employees. STRESS AT WORLKPLACE (OCCUPATIONAL STRESS) In todays changing and competitive work environment stress level is increasing both in WORKERS as well as MANAGERS .As a result of this work stress, more and more managers are showing signs of chronic fatigue and burnout. Research has concluded that stressed out managers are not good for organization and shareholders also .In most case stress reduced efficiency among individuals as well as reduced productivity also. Stress is the problem in amongst all the countries of the world ,irrespective of whether the economy is strong or weak .To know about the actual work stress we should have to know about the behavior of the individuals ,causes of the stress, its consequences and then how it can be reduce . â€Å"Considered from an individual`s points of view stress is our body`s physical, mental and chemical reaction to circumstance that frighten, confuse, endanger or irritate to any person†. If controlled stress, is a friend that strengthens us for the next encounter .if handled poorly, it becomes an enemy which can cause diseases like high blood pressure, ulcer, asthma, and over reactive thyroid. As per the medical explanation of the term â€Å"Stress is the body`s general response to environment situations.† it can lead to Physiological discomfort. Some kind of emotional unhappiness. Strained relationship with other people. In very simple words stress refers to an individual`s reaction to a disturbing factor in the environment. Different discipline and different professional have viewed it differently. Agarwala at 1979 believed that the confusion in definition is primarily due to the fact that the same term is used variously by scholars of different disciplines .Thus, in physic, stress is a force which acts on a body to produce strain. According to Beehr and Newman â€Å"Job stress is a condition arising from the interaction of the people and their jobs, and characterized by changes within people and force them to deviate from their normal functioning.† Stress can be defined as â€Å"Bodys non specific response to any demand made on it. Stress is not by definition synonymous with nervous system tension or anxiety. On one side Stress provides the means to express talents and energies and pursue happiness, on the other side it can also cause exhaustion and illness, either physical or psychological† One of the common accepted views of stress is provided by Selye through THREE STAGE MODEL OF STRESS. He called it General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS). Selye defines stress as â€Å"an adoptive response to the external situation that results in physical, physiological, and behavioural deviation for organizational participant.† He has suggested a three stage model and states that when an organism is confronted with a threat the general physiological response occurs in the three stages . Selye said that †¦There can be up to three phases that our resistance levels go through when we are exposed to a stressor. The first is the alarm phase. The bodys resistance to physical damage drops for a short-time. This is so our bodies can prepare to cope with the stressor by using up available energy and normally protective stress hormones. Temporarily some of our defenses against physical damage drop so that our blood pressure increases, blood-sugar rises, muscle tension increases, we breathe faster and deeper and we get a surge of adrenaline-like substances to give us extra physical capabilities should we need them. If the stressor no longer exists the body returns to its normal level of resistance. However if the stressor persists, (we cant fight or flee from it or and this goes beyond his original thinking we are unable to apply counteracting psychosocial resources) our level of resistance increases beyond normal, relaxed levels When our bodies start to run in higher gear. High levels of stress hormones continue to help us cope with the stressor. This is appropriately called the resistance phase. If there is no relief the body can continue for days, weeks, even years until either the stressor is suddenly removed or because it is very energy-consuming our body collapses often with more dangerous and extreme physical reactions. They are the same as in the alarm phase only more intense and more relentless. It is here in this third or exhaustion phase that our health suffers or even death can occur. Our level of resistance to physical disorder, disease and psychological pressure is at its lowest. It is characterized by feelings of lethargy an absence of energy and bodily resources to cope. MEASUREMENT OF ROLE STRESS: In the context of India two measures have been developed by Indian researchers and have been extensively used in research in India. They are given below: ORGANIZATIONAL ROLE STRESS: This instrument developed by Pareek (1983) this instrument based on the key concept t understand the integration of the organization .It is through this role that the individual interacts and gets integrated with the system. An n organization can be defined as system of roles, where role has been defined by the expectations various significant persons, including himself / herself, have from that position. The concept of role and the related concepts of ‘role space and ‘role set have a built- in potential for conflict and stress (Pareek 1999). From the point of view of an individual, two role systems are important: Role Space and Role Set. ROLE SPACE:- Each individual occupies and plays several roles simultaneously. A person can be a son a father a member of a club and so on at the same time. All these roles constitute role space time. All these roles constitute role space. In the center of the role space is the self. Role space is the self. Role space thus can be defending as â€Å"the dynamic inter-relationship between the self various roles an individual occupies.† ROLE SET;- The individual`s role in the organization is defined by the expectations of other significant roles and those of the individual himself .thus the role set is â€Å"the pattern of relationship between the role being considered and other roles. The organization role stress scale consists of 50 items measuring ten different types of organizational role stresses. These roles stress are Following: Inter role distance (IRD):-it is expected when there is a conflict between organizational and non organizational roles. Role stagnation (RS):- it is the feeling of being stuck in same role. Role expectation conflict (REC):- Stress is generated by expectation of different significant persons such as superior , subordinate, and peers ,about the same role and the role occupant`s ambivalence as to whom to please. Role Erosion (RE); Here stress is the function of the role occupant`s feeling that some function which should properly belong to her role are transferred to some other role. Role Overload (RO) ; when the role occupant feels that there are too many expectations from her. Role Isolation (RI); Stress refer to the psychological distance between the occupant role and other roles in the same role set. Personal Inadequacy; It arises when the role occupant feels that he does not have the necessary skills and training for effectively performing the function expected from his role. Self Role Distance (SRD):- When the role the person occupies goes against his self concept. Role Ambiguity (RA):- It refers to the lack of clarity about the expectation of the role. Resource Inadequacy (RIN):- Stress is evident when the role occupant feels that he is not provided with the adequate resources for performing the function expected from his role. SOURCES OF STRESS It has been said that stress result form a misfits between environmental demands and personal adequacies to meet these demands .However, management of stress is not possible unless the individual is aware of the specific source of stress. Stress can be emanating from variety of sources. Pestonjee (1983) has identified three important sectors of life in which stress originates .These are (a) Job and organization (b) Social Factors (c) Inter Psychic sector .The first namely , job and organization, refers to totality of the work environment (task ,atmosphere, colleagues , compensations, policies ,etc.)The social factors refer to the social / culture context of life .It may include religion, caste, language, dress and other factors. The intra psychic sector encompasses those things which are intimate and personal like temperament, values, abilities, and health. It is contended that stresses can originate in any of these sectors or in combinations thereof. Factor intrinsic to the Job: These are related to poor working conditions shift work, long hours, poor technology, travel, risk and danger, work over load. Role in the organization: When a persons role in an organization is clearly defined and understood, and when expectation place upon the individual are also clear and non- conflicting, stress can be kept to a minimum. Ivancevich and Matteson (1980) have identified three critical factors- role ambiguity ,role conflict , and degree of responsibility for others are major source of stress. Relation -ship at work: The working relationship which one has with people working in the same organization can also be a major source of stress. Career Development : A host of issue such as job security , fear of job loss, obsolescence or retirement and numerous performance appraisals can create pressure and strain. Organizational structure climate: just being part of an organization can present threats to a persons sense of freedom and autonomy. It seems that the position in the organization has something to do with stress. However the research evidence its inclusive .some studies have found that position in the organization does make a difference in job stress. Nature of Profession: The research evidence suggests that certain kind of occupations cause greater stress. Than others in a study of comparative degree of stress amongst professionals Mishra(2001)collected data from 144 doctors and 82 nurses drawn from various hospitals , their result show that nurses experience greater stress in their job as compared to doctors. Predispositional stress: The degree of stress seems vary with the personality and predispositional factor. Some individuals experience greater stress than others. Doctors with internal locus of control reported higher organizational stress than the internal . (Kumar 1988) The below chart shows one example of the structure of a department in an organization, indicating typical causes of stress that may effect stress at certain levels in the structure, and particular. Causes that are affecting individuals. Stress is contagious; anyone who is not performing well due to increases the amount of pressure on their colleagues, superiors, and subordinates. SYMPTOMS OF STRESS As stated earlier Stress is caused by or reaction to the external events and bring about changes in our response and our general behavior. The presence of Stress can be estimated by the analysis of certain symptoms an individual shows. These symptoms can be divided into three different categories. They are Feelings ,Behavoiur and pshysological . When the individual experience Stress, one or more of the following symptoms can be exhibited: Feelings The individual becomes anxious about the outcomes and is scared. The person feels that he has got something to loose or something wrong will take place. In an anxious state the person does not want to be corrected or interrupted. He looks out for other areas where he can forget about the stress-causing event for a while. The person becomes irritable and moody. During high level of Stress the individual develops a negative frame of mind and suffers from low self-esteem. The person loses faith in his capabilities and is afraid of the failures. The individual does not have a focused approach and is not able to concentrate and is involved in his own plans and thoughts. Physiological and Behavioral Changes Speech problems. Impulsive Behavior Crying for no apparent reason. Laughing in a high pitch and nervous tone of voice. Grinding of teeth Increasing smoking and use of drugs and alcohol. Being accident-prone Perspiration /sweaty hands Increased heart beat Trembling/Sleeping problems Diarrhea / indigestion / vomiting/ nausea Butterflies in stomach Headaches Premenstrual tension Pain in the neck and or lower back Susceptibility to illness Loss of appetite Nervous ticks Dryness of throat and mouth. Tiring easily or over eating CONSEQUENCES OF STRESS The effect of stress is closely linked to individual personality. The same level of stress affects different people in different ways each person has different ways of coping. Recognizing these personality types means that more focused help can be given. Stress shows itself number of ways. For instance, individual who is experiencing high level of stress may develop high blood pressure, ulcers, irritability, difficulty in making routine decisions, loss of appetite, accident proneness, and the like. These can be subsumed under three categories: Individual consequences Organizational consequence Burnout Individual consequences: Individual consequences of stress are those, which affect the individual directly. Due to this the organization may suffer directly or indirectly, but it is the individual who has to pays for it. Individual consequences of stress are broadly divided into behavioral, psychological and medical. v Behavioral consequences of stress are responses that may harm the person under stress or others. Behaviorally related stress symptoms include changes in productivity, turnover, as well as changes in eating habits, increased smoking or consumption of alcohol, paid speech, and sleep disorders. v Psychological consequences of stress replace to an individual mental health and well-being from or felling depressed. Job related stress could cause dissatisfaction, infact it has most psychological effect on the individual and lead to tension, anxiety irritability, and boredom. v Medical consequences of stress affect a persons well being. According to a research conducted, it revealed that stress could create changes in metabolism, increase heart and breathing rates, increases blood pressure bring out headaches and induce heart attacks. Organizational consequences: Organizational consequences of stress have direct affect on the organizations. These include decline in performance, withdrawal and negative changes in attitude.  ¯ Decline in performance can translate into poor quality work or a drop in productivity. Promotions and other organizational benefits get affected due to this.  ¯ Withdrawal behavior also can result from stress. Significant form of withdrawal behavior is absenteeism.  ¯ One main affect of employee stress is directly related to attitudes. Job satisfaction, morale and organizational commitment can all suffer, along with motivation to perform at higher levels. Burnout:- A final consequence of stress has implementation for both people and organizations. Burnout is a general feeling of exhaustion that develops when an individual simultaneously experiences too much pressure and few sources of satisfaction. STRESS AND YOUR PERFORMANCE So far, we have seen that stress is a negative experience. We have seen the short-term burnout. The Positive Effects of Pressure Sometimes, however, the pressures and demands that may cause stress can be positive in their effect. One example of this is where sportsmen and women flood their bodies with fight-or-flight adrenaline to power an explosive performance. Another example is where deadlines are used to motivate people who seem bored or unmotivated. We will discuss this briefly here, but throughout the rest of this site we see stress as a problem that needs to be solved. The Negative effect of pressure In most work situations jobs, our stress responses cause our performance to suffer. A calm, rational, controlled and sensitive approach is usually called for in dealing with most difficult problems at work: Our social inter-relationships are just too complex not to be damaged by an aggressive approach, while a passive and withdrawn response to stress means that we can fail to assert our rights when we should. Before we look further at how to manage stress and our performance, it is important to look at the relationship between pressure and performance in a little more detail, first by looking at the idea of the â€Å"Inverted-U†, and second by looking at Flow. This is the ideal state of concentration and focus that brings excellent performance. Pressure Performance – the Inverted U The relationship between pressure and performance is explained in one of the oldest and most important ideas in stress management, the â€Å"Inverted-U† relationship between pressure and performance. The Inverted-U relationship focuses on peoples performance of a task. The left hand side of the graph is easy to explain for pragmatic reasons. When there is very little pressure on us to carry out an important task, there is little incentive for us to focus energy and attention on it. This is particularly the case when there may be other, more urgent, or more interesting, tasks competing for attention. As pressure on us increases, we enter the â€Å"area of best performance†. Here, we are able to focus on the task and perform well – there is enough pressure on us to focus our attention but not so much that it disrupts our performance. The right hand side of the graph is more complex to explain. Negative Thoughts Crowd Our Minds We are all aware that we have a limited short-term memory: If you try to memorize a long list of items, you will not be able to remember more than six or eight items unless you use formal memory techniques. Similarly, although we have huge processing power in our brains, we cannot be conscious of more than a few thoughts at any one time. In fact, in a very real way, we have a limited â€Å"attention capacity†. As we become uncomfortably stressed, distractions, difficulties, anxieties and negative thinking begin to crowd our minds. This is particularly the case where we look at our definition of stress, i.e. that it occurs when a person perceives that â€Å"demands exceed the personal and social resources the individual is able to mobilize.† These thoughts compete with performance of the task for our attention capacity. Concentration suffers, and focus narrows as our brain becomes overloaded. As shown in the figure, this is something of a slippery slope: the more our brain is overloaded, the more our performance can suffer. The more our performance suffers, the more new distractions, difficulties, anxieties and negative thoughts crowd our minds. Other research has shown that stress reduces peoples ability to deal with large amounts of information. Both decision-making and creativity are impaired because people are unable to take account of all the information available. This inability accounts for the common observation that highly stressed people will persist in a course of action even when better alternatives are available. It also explains why anxious people perform best when they are put under little additional stress, while calm people may need additional pressure to produce a good performance. Notes on the research behind the Inverted-U: While this is an important and useful idea, peoples evaluations of stress and performance are by necessity subjective. This has made it difficult to prove the ‘Inverted-U idea formally. Also, for ease of explanation, we show a smooth curve here. In reality, different people have different shaped and positioned inverted-Us at different times and in different circumstances. This is all part of â€Å"lifes rich tapestry†. Entering a State of Flow When you are operating in your â€Å"area of best performance†, you are normally able to concentrate, and focus all of your attention on the important task at hand. When you do this without distraction, you often enter what Professor Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi of Chicago University describes as a state of ‘flow. This involves â€Å"being completely involved in an activity for its own sake. The ego falls away. Time flies. Every action, movement, and thought follows inevitably from the previous one, like playing jazz. Your whole being is involved, and youre using your skills to the utmost. You perform at your best in this state because you are able to focus all of your efforts, resources and abilities on the tasks at hand. While you are sufficiently motivated to resist competing temptations, you are not so stressed that anxieties and distractions interfere with clear thought. This is an intensely creative, efficient and satisfying state of mind. It is the state of mind in which, for example, the most persuasive speeches are made, the best software is developed, and the most impressive athletic or artistic performances are delivered. Helping Yourself to Get Into Flow One of the frustrations of management is that managers can feel that they lose the ‘right to these periods of deep concentration when they must be readily available to others, and be able to deal with the constantly changing information, decisions and activities around them. Studies of good managers show that they rarely get more than a few minutes alone without distraction. This alone can be frustrating, and can contribute strongly to managerial stress. In jobs where concentration is a rare commodity, there are various solutions to creating the periods of flow that sustain good performance. Solutions include working from home, or setting aside parts of the day as quiet periods. Another solution might be to delegate the activities that require the greatest levels of concentration, allowing the manager to concentrate on problems as they arise, serving to create a flow of its own. One of the key aims of this site is to help you manage stress so that you can enter this state of flow, and deliver truly excellent performance in your career. MANAGING STRESS IN THE WORK PLACE Every responds to stress in a different way, it is only by understanding the nature of individual responses that you can start fighting stress yourself and others. Reduction or elimination of stress is necessary for psychological and physical well being of an individual. Efficiency in stress management enables the individual to deal or cope with the stressful situations instead of avoidance. Strategies like tie management, body-mind and mind-body relaxation exercise, seeking social support help individual improve their physical and mental resources to deal with stress successfully. Apart from helping employees adopt certain coping strategies to deal with stress providing them with the service of counselor is also useful. Many strategies have been developed to help manage stress in the work place. Some are strategies for individuals, and other is geared toward organizations. Individual coping strategies: Many strategies for helping individuals manage stress have been proposed. Individual coping strategies are used when an employee under stress exhibits undesirable behavior on the jobs such as performance, strained relationship with co-workers, absenteeism alcoholism and the like. Employees under stress require help in overcoming its negative effects. The strategies used are: Exercise: One method by which individual can manage their stress is through exercise. People who exercise regularly are known to less likely to have heart attacks than inactive people are. Research also has suggested that people who exercise regularly feel less tension and stress are more conflict and slow greater optimism. Relaxation: A related method individual can manage stress is relaxation. Copying with stress require adaptation. Proper relaxation is an effective way to adopt. Relaxation can take many forms. One way to relax is to take regular vacations; people can also relax while on the job (i.e. take regular breaks during their normal workday). A popular way of resting is to sit quietly with closed eyes for ten minutes every afternoon. Time management: Time management is an often recommended method for managing stress, the idea is that many daily pressures can be eased or eliminated if a person does a better job of managing time. One popular approach to time management is to make a list, every morning or the thins to be done that day. Then you group the items on the list into three categories: critical activities that must be performed, important activities that should be performed, and optimal or trivial things that can be delegated or postponed, then of more of the important things done every day. ROLE MANAGEMENT: Some what related to time management in which the individual actively works to avoid overload, ambiguity and conflict. SUPPORT GROUPS: This method of managing stress is to develop and maintain support group. A support group is simply a group of family member or friends with whom a person can spend time. Supportive family and friends can help people deal with normal stress on an ongoing basis. Support groups can be particularly useful during times of crisis. BEHAVIORAL SELF-CONTROL: In ultimate analysis, effective management if stress presupposes exercise of self-control on the part of an employee. By consciously analyzing the cause and consequences of their own behavior, the employees can achieve self-control. They can further develop awareness of their own limits of tolerance and learn to anticipate their own responses to various stressful situations. The strategy involves increasing an individuals control over the situations rather than being solely controlled by them. COGNITIVE THERAPY: The cognitive therapy techniques such as Ellis rational emotive model and Meichenbaums cognitive strategy fir modification have been used as an individual strategy for reducing job stress. COUNSELING: Personal counseling help employees understand and appreciate a diverse workforce, the holistic approach adopted by the counselor gives him a comprehensive view of the employee as client and enable him to deal the issues of work related problems in a larger context with his awareness of the inter-relationship among problems in adjustment with self, other and environment and that a work concern will effect personal life and vice-versa, the employee would receive help regarding the problem in all life. One of the advantage of the individual interventions is the individual can use these skills to improve the quality of life in offer domains like family, social support and self, thus reducing the negative carry of experiences in these domains into the work life which might effect his occupation mental health. ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGIES: The most effective way of managing stress calls for adopting stressors and prevent occurrence of potential stressors. Two basic organizational strategies for helping employees manage stress are institutional programs and collateral programs. Work Design Stress Management programs Work schedules Health promotions programs Culture Other programs Supervision Institutional programs: Institutional programs for managing stress are undertaken to established organizational mechanism